August 20, 2007
[News] A Chinese Century? Maybe It’s the Next One
Published: August 19, 2007
CHINA claims that its economy is growing at 10 to 11 percent a year, and China’s official analysts say that their nation will catch up with the United States long before the 22nd century arrives. Don’t believe it.
First, let’s deal with the implausibility of the official Chinese statistics. Mathematically, if the overall economy were to grow 10 percent annually, and the 70 percent of the economy that is based in rural areas were not growing (as stated by the Chinese government), the economy in China’s cities would have to be growing by 33 percent a year. The urban economy is growing rapidly, but not at a 33 percent pace.
Furthermore, Chinese statistics conflict with those of Hong Kong, the semiautonomous territory that serves as the financial capital of much of southern China. In 2001, Hong Kong had a recession, which is to say that it reported that its gross domestic product fell. Guangdong, the adjacent Chinese province, has a population of around 200 million. In 2001, it reported that its G.D.P. grew by 10 percent. What are the chances that both of those numbers are correct? Very slim.
Economic growth rates can be inferred from electricity consumption. In every country in the world, electricity use has generally grown faster than the G.D.P. Electricity is necessary for nearly all productive activities, and because of inefficiencies, consumption of electricity has generally outstripped economic growth. Rising energy costs have resulted in more efficient use of electricity, but especially in the developing world, economic growth has still generally lagged growth in electricity.
But if China’s official numbers are to be believed, there are provinces in China where the G.D.P. has been growing faster than energy use. That is unlikely, since the central government’s statistics also say that energy use per unit of G.D.P. is going up — not down, as claimed in provincial G.D.P. statistics.
Among the world’s 12 most rapidly growing economies over the last 10 years, the G.D.P. has grown only 45 percent as fast as electricity consumption. In the early 1970s, Japan was shutting down its electricity-guzzling aluminum industry. During this period, the G.D.P. grew 60 percent as fast as electricity consumption, the highest recorded level among industrialized nations.
Using those numbers as a guide, if we consider China’s actual electrical use, which is relatively easy to measure, and do a little math, we come up with this estimate: The G.D.P. in China has been growing somewhere between 4.5 percent (using the average for a rapidly growing country) to 6 percent a year (using the highest rate for Japan), not at the 10 percent rate claimed in official statistics.
The official statistic for China’s overall growth rate is best regarded as an approximate growth rate of the economy of its cities.
China also officially claims that it will catch up with the United States and become the world’s largest economy well before the 22nd century arrives.
There is an equally simple reason that neither of these predictions is likely to be realized. It simply takes more than 100 years for a large, less economically developed country to catch up with the world leader in per capita income. One need look only at the history of the United States, which had a much higher growth rate than Britain in the 19th century, yet did not catch up until World War I. Or consider Japan and the United States. Some 150 years after Japan started to modernize during the Meiji restoration, the country’s per capita G.D.P. is still only 80 percent of that of the United States in terms of purchasing power parity — although, in nominal terms, it has caught up.
The United States is not standing still. In fact, its per capita income grew faster than nearly all other big countries from 1990 to 2007. Europe’s per capita income fell from 85 percent of that of the United States in 1990 to 66 percent in 2007, according to International Monetary Fund statistics.
So let’s say that the inflation-adjusted growth rate for China is 4 percent a year. This is optimistic, because China will certainly have some bad years in the next century. Every country does — remember the Great Depression in the United States. A 4 percent rate is faster than any big country has ever grown for 100 years. But assume that China can do it. Assume, too, that America grows at the 3 percent rate it has averaged for the last 15 years.
Now project the two growth rates forward: the inflation-adjusted per-capita G.D.P. of China would be less than $40,000 in 2100, versus almost $650,000 in the United States. That’s because China starts at $1,000 per capita and the United States at $43,000. If, in 2100, China has four times as many people as the United States, as it does now, China would still not have a total G.D.P. equal to America’s.
But it is unlikely to have four times as many people. It is always a mistake to project population growth rates for a century, but let’s do it anyway: With a one-child policy and a sex ratio that favors boys (many men won’t find wives) — China should experience a decline in population in the 21st century. Yet let’s assume for a moment that China’s population remains constant, at 1.3 billion. If immigration to the United States continued at the current rate, America’s population would rise. If the population grew at 1 percent a year, as it has recently, it would more than double by 2100, reducing the enormous population gap between the two countries. Are these projections likely to be realized? Who knows?
What is clear is that China is unlikely to surpass the United States in G.D.P. in absolute or relative terms anytime soon.
There may be a Chinese century, but it will be the 22nd century — not the 21st.
Lester Thurow is a professor of management and economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is also on the board of Taiwan Semiconductor, which does business in mainland China.
August 15, 2007
First Fire Alarm
是的,人生第一次!以前只有在防空演習或是大樓消防設備檢查時聽過火災警報器在響。這一次一聽到,我趕緊看看我的電湯匙,確認是處於未插電的狀態後,開門看看,怎麼沒有人有反應~~ 沒多久,住對面二年級的宿舍長(黑女孩)說我們必須到外面去等。所以我就回房間拿了皮包跟鑰匙往外走。由於我是最後一間,所以走到靠近門口的時候,發現走廊上果然煙霧瀰漫,而且參雜著很香的食物味道,我想應該是有人煮東西煮出太多煙了!
不到三分鐘,校警抵達。不到十分鐘,wellsely地區的消防車抵達。此時,我後悔忘記帶兩樣東西,外套跟相機。雖然白天出太陽還蠻熱,不過由於宿舍區是在森林中,所以晚上還蠻冷(我到現在還沒開過冷氣)。
果不其然,有手機的人開始拿起來拍照,畢竟這是大家住宿舍的第一次警報,總是要紀念一下。接著有個同學就開始吆或大家到消防車前照相,當然不分國籍,不分男女,大家都照了相。只不過是用相機拍的,所以我想每一個的臉應該都是黑的(用手機照的)。
August 11, 2007
灰狗(Greyhound)之旅
離開時,真的很感謝HomeMa的照顧,她一再地說下次有機會到NY,一定要再去拜訪她!接著我就坐車到port authority bus terminal,到的時候才9:00。然後我就到行李區check-in行李,當然大行李箱一量88lb,超重三十幾磅,只好乖乖多付USD20的超重費。(後來才知道NY到BOS之間行李是不用check-in的,不過我想那麼重還沒付錢,可能會被bus旁的搬行李小弟"角"到不行)
跟坐飛機還蠻像,拿著票到登車口(Gate),唯一不同是要一直提著自己的行李,除非再多付錢讓他們托運。我買的票是要轉車的,所以排的Gate跟往Boston是不一樣的!但是我越想越不對,他中間只留15分鐘讓我換車,如果錯過了怎麼辦?後來看到班表上轉車點的下一班要再等2~3小時....
正當我要去問個清楚時,發現有一班車早一個小時開,所以趕緊去排,想說如果提早到就沒問題了!心裡正在偷笑時,收票員說"滿了!".......... 只好乖乖等原來那班!
一路上沒啥人!(我想應該是大家都想坐直達車不想轉車)所以我就一個人坐兩個位置。等我昏睡醒來時已經快一點了,卻還沒到轉車點,因為我發現我們正現在塞車的車陣中。等到達轉車點時,我的車早已經走了!我只好提著超重的行李到櫃臺問,結果他們說再過20分鐘有一班車要到Newton,只是中間會再多轉一站。(我心想:灰狗到底在搞什麼,不準時外連schedule都亂七八糟,無緣無故冒出一台車有到,不過也好我才不用再等2個多小時等schedule上的下一班車
所以我就先進車站買個吃的,結果還在等的時候,聽到廣播說往Newton的車即將要開了。ㄎㄠ\....... 我又不能放棄食物而去,只好乾著急!好不容易拿到加蛋跟火腿的Begal,就急忙衝到外面,結果大家都還只是在排隊嘛!
在又坐了兩個多小時後,終於到Newton-riverside車站,完成我的第一次灰狗之旅。然後坐了Taxi到學校。先到public safty拿鑰匙,因為我要求提早一天報到。
Babson的校園真是沒話說,就跟森林度假村一樣,尤其宿舍區就是被森林給包圍!
整理完的房間。
[轉貼]美國次級房貸危機
所謂次級房貸就是抵押貸款市場中的次優等抵押貸款,其與一般房貸最主要的不同點在於,這種貸款是提供給那些信用程度較差,及還款能力比較弱的購屋者,其利率也比一般抵押貸款高二至三個百分點。
美國不少金融機構在這波美國房市景氣擴張的過程中,大幅承作次級房貸,使次級房貸的規模快速膨脹。而在美國房市景氣逆轉,聯準會(Fed)為了抑制通膨壓力持續升息,導致貸款者還款壓力大增,也造成次級房貸違約率大幅攀升,對美國金融市場產生相關的負面效應,一些體質比較不健全,以經營次級房貸為主的金融業者如新世紀金融公司等,被迫停止業務,甚至倒閉。
同時以次級房貸為投資標的的共同基金、避險基金、以至大型銀行與保險公司,都將面臨資產大幅損失的風險。華爾街投資銀行貝爾斯登旗下的兩檔避險基金,即是因為投資次級房貸,而出現嚴重虧損。其中一檔基金的資產已一無所剩,另一檔基金的價值也大幅縮水至原有規模的九%。
在美國次級房貸問題尚未完全解決,及房市還未復甦之前,美國股市以至全球股市,未來仍有可能出現大幅波動的走勢。
而美國房地產業界專家預估,美國房市最早也要到二○○九年才會復甦。(編譯王錦時)
August 9, 2007
天阿 !!
August 8, 2007
[轉貼] 紐約博物館 (Museum in NY)
參觀博物館 免費有門路 【文:姚增馨】
紐約市是文化之都,博物館的品質、數量和多元化種類都數一數二,但是在物價高漲之下,若想要一一參觀,每間博物館動輒十元以上的門票價格,可能會讓人大呼吃不消,但若能善加利用博物館的「免費時段」,也可來一趟輕鬆文化之旅。 許多博物館在某些時段提供免門票入場的優惠,然而這一類的優惠,博物館隨時有權更改,前往之前最好先查詢。
古根漢美術館(Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum):位於曼哈坦上東城5大道1071號,與89街交口,票價18元,每周五由傍晚5時45分開始,隨意付費即可進入,7時15分後不再售票。美術館強調,周五傍晚門票並非免費,也不可提前購買,且周五開放至晚間7時45分。電話(212)423-3500。網址guggenheim.org。
猶太博物館(Jewish Museum):位於5大道1109號,與92街交口,平常門票12元,每周六上午11時至下午5時45分免費。電話(212)423-3200。網址jewishmuseum.org。 El Museo del Barrio:位於5大道1230號,與104街交口,耆老周四免費,平常成人門票6元,耆老4元,12歲以下免費。電話(212)831-7272,網址elmuseo.org。
藝術及設計博物館(Museum of Arts & Design):位於曼哈坦中城,西53街40號,平常門票9元,每周四晚6時到8時隨意付費入場,電話(212)956-3535,網址madmuseum.org。
現代美術館(Museum of Modern Art,簡稱MoMA):西53街11號,介於5大道和6大道之間,成人門票20元。MoMA重新開幕後一度取消免費入場時段,後來在目標折扣店(Target)贊助下,每周五傍晚4時至8時免費進場,但不可提前訂票。16歲以下孩童平日也是免費。電話(212)708-9400。網址moma.org。
紐約科學館(New York Hall of Science):位於皇后區法拉盛草原可樂娜公園內,111街47-01號,平常門票成人11元,兒童和耆老8元,由9月至6月間,每周五下午2時至5時、周日上午10時至11時免費進場。電話(718)699-0005。網址www.nyhallsci.org。
動畫博物館(Museum of the Moving Image):位於皇后區阿斯托利亞(Astori-a)35大道和36街交口,平常門票10元,每周五下午4時至8時免費,但是不包括觀賞電影。電話(718)784-4520。網址www.movingim age.us。
布朗士藝術博物館(Bronx Museum of the Arts):位於布朗士區洋基棒球場附近,1040 Grand Concourse,夾165街,平日門票5元,每周三免費。電話(718)681-6181。網址www.bronxmuseum.org。
惠特尼美術館(Whitney Museum of American Art):位於麥迪遜大道945號,與75街交口,每周五由下午6時至9時,隨意付費。電話:1-800-WHITNEY,網址www.whitney.org。
另外,紐約市也有一些免費的博物館,包括美國藝術文字學院(American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters,西155街633號)、美國錢幣徽章協會(American Nu-mismatic Society,96 Fulton St.與William St.)、富比世藝廊(Forbes Galleries,5 Ave.與12 St.)、西班牙美術館(Hispanic Society of America,位於Audubon Terrace,Broadway介155和156 St.)、美國印地安博物館(National Museum of the American Indian,One Bowling Green與百老匯)、新力新奇科技館(Sony Wonder Technology Lab,56th St. 與Madison Ave.)、惠特尼美術館(Whitney Museum of American Art at Altria,Park Ave.與42 St.)等。
而例如知名的大都會博物館(Metropolitan Museum of Art)和布碌崙博物館(Brooklyn Museum)等,都是建議門票價格(suggest-ed),但並未強制要求付該價格購票,這一類的博物館,民眾可以自行決定想付多少門票費用,但因是建議,若能力所及,不妨按照建議門票付費,以支援博物館的財務。 (世報)
August 6, 2007
到洋基球場看王建民
August 3, 2007
[News] Google行動電話 要你「走著瞧」
【經濟日報╱編譯林聰毅/道瓊社舊金山二日電】
華爾街日報2日報導,熟悉計畫詳情的人士透露,Google公司正積極爭取無線電信商支持專為Google產品量身打造的行動電話,內建Google搜尋引擎、電子郵件及新行動網路瀏覽器,以搶攻近年快速成長的手機廣告市場。
消息人士說,Google已在這項行動電話計畫投資數億美元。這個搜尋引擎巨人已研發出原型手機,並向T-Mobile USA、Verizon無線等電信營運商業者提案說明,還與手機製造商研商技術規格。Google希望多家製造商能根據Google設計的規格生產手機,並有多家電信商願意以Google手機搭售通訊服務,不像蘋果iPhone只由AT&T獨家提供通訊服務。
對無線電信商而言,Google這項計畫有利有弊。Google的強力品牌與受歡迎的網路服務,固然可為電信商爭取更多訂戶,但後者也擔心會因此喪失行動廣告市場的控制權。不過消息靈通人士說,這批業界傳言許久的Google電話仍在規劃階段,最快明年才會面市,且隨著計畫逐步推動,某些細節可能變動。
先前Google已表明,將為手機開發先進的軟體與服務。執行長史密特5月說:「手機廣告吸引人之處,在於利潤為非手機廣告的兩倍以上,因為這類廣告非常個人化。」Google發言人不願評論這項手機計畫,只表示:「我們正與幾乎所有製造商與電信商洽談合作事宜,希望他們的手機與網路能使用Google的搜尋及其他應用服務。」
Google將軟體引進行動電話的做法,已引起某些無線電信商的疑慮。Verizon無線公司執行長麥亞當說,決定不使用Google的網路搜尋引擎,因為Google要求朋分很大比例的搜尋廣告營收。
Google已宣布競標美國政府近期將拍賣的無線頻譜執照。Google若擁有無線頻譜,有可能自己經營無線電信服務。不過,這項計畫需數年時間才能開花結果,且需耗資數十億美元。現在,Google必須與現有的行動電話營運商合作,才能讓消費者使用其行動產品。
Google看中行動電話廣告的雄厚潛力,欲與在線上建立的龐大廣告事業相互輝映。Google甚至打算有朝一日能提供免月費的行動電話服務,完全由廣告營收支持。
【2007/08/03 經濟日報】